From IPC to BNS, section by section.
The Indian Penal Code, Code of Criminal Procedure, and Indian Evidence Act stood for over 150 years. On 1 July 2024 they were replaced by the BNS, BNSS, and BSA. This is the section-by-section mapping — every old section paired with its new counterpart, every change classified, every post-2024 ruling cited.
Three conversion tables, every section.
Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) to Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) Section Mapping — Complete Conversion Table
Complete section-by-section mapping from CrPC 1973 to BNSS 2023. Find the BNSS equivalent of any CrPC section instantly. Updated for 2026.
Indian Evidence Act (IEA) to Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) Section Mapping — Complete Conversion Table
Complete section-by-section mapping from Indian Evidence Act 1872 to BSA 2023. Find the BSA equivalent of any Evidence Act section instantly.
Indian Penal Code (IPC) to Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) Section Mapping — Complete Conversion Table
Complete section-by-section mapping from IPC 1860 to BNS 2023. Find the BNS equivalent of any IPC section instantly. Updated for 2026.
50 section pairs across three codes.
IPC ↔ BNS 21 mappings
BNS Section 304 — Snatching (New Provision, No IPC Equivalent)
BNS Section 304 creates a standalone offence of snatching — defined as theft committed by suddenly or quickly or forcibly seizing movable property from a person — punishable with up to three years imprisonment and fine. No IPC equivalent existed.
Section 103(2) BNS — Mob Lynching (New Provision)
Section 103(2) BNS introduces mob lynching as a specific aggravated form of murder for the first time, prescribing death or life imprisonment when a group of five or more persons commits murder on grounds of race, caste, community, sex, place of birth, language, or personal belief.
Section 111 BNS — Organised Crime (New Provision)
Section 111 BNS introduces organised crime as a substantive offence in the general criminal code for the first time, covering syndicate-based continuing unlawful activities including kidnapping, extortion, land grabbing, contract killing, cyber-crimes, and economic offences, with punishment extending to death.
Section 124A IPC — Sedition Abolished Under BNS
IPC Section 124A on sedition has been abolished with no direct equivalent in the BNS. Section 152 BNS (acts endangering sovereignty, unity and integrity of India) is a distinct and broader provision, not a replacement.
Section 302 IPC vs Section 103 BNS — Punishment for Murder
Section 302 IPC is retained as BNS 103(1) with identical text; BNS 103(2) adds a new aggravated offence for mob lynching by a group of five or more persons.
Section 304 IPC vs Section 105 BNS — Culpable Homicide Not Amounting to Murder
BNS 105 introduces a minimum five-year sentence for Part I offences and makes fine mandatory for Part II, tightening the sentencing framework while retaining the two-part structure.
Section 304 IPC vs Section 105 BNS — Culpable Homicide Not Amounting to Murder (Punishment)
BNS 105 tightens the sentencing framework by introducing a mandatory minimum five-year sentence for Part I (intention-based) offences and making fine mandatory for Part II (knowledge-based) offences, while retaining the two-part structure.
Section 304A IPC vs Section 106 BNS — Death by Negligence
BNS 106 significantly expands the negligence framework: general punishment raised from 2 to 5 years, special carve-out for medical professionals (capped at 2 years), and new hit-and-run provision with up to 10 years imprisonment.
Section 304B IPC vs Section 80 BNS — Dowry Death
BNS 80 retains the core dowry death provision with the same definition, seven-year window, and minimum seven-year sentence, but improves structural clarity and evidentiary standards.
Section 306 IPC vs Section 108 BNS — Abetment of Suicide
BNS 108 retains the core offence of abetment of suicide with the same ten-year maximum, but adds fine as a mandatory component and restructures the provision for clarity.
Section 354 IPC vs Section 74 BNS — Assault on Woman to Outrage Modesty
BNS 74 retains the core offence with the same minimum one-year and maximum five-year sentence as amended IPC 354, and is placed within a reorganised chapter grouping all offences against women.
Section 375-376 IPC vs Section 63-69 BNS — Rape and Sexual Offences
BNS retains the core definition of rape from IPC 375 but raises the marital rape exception age to 18, reorganises punishment tiers across Sections 64-68, expands gang rape provisions, and introduces a new standalone offence for sexual intercourse by deceitful means under Section 69.
Section 378-382 IPC vs Section 303-304 BNS — Theft and Related Offences
BNS consolidates five separate IPC theft sections (378-382) into a single Section 303 with graded sub-sections, introduces snatching as a distinct offence under Section 304, adds community service for petty theft under Rs 5,000, and covers theft of data and intangible property.
Section 392-395 IPC vs Section 309-312 BNS — Robbery and Dacoity
BNS consolidates the scattered IPC provisions on robbery and dacoity into restructured Sections 309-312, merging definitions and punishments, while retaining the core distinction that dacoity requires five or more persons.
Section 406 IPC vs Section 316 BNS — Criminal Breach of Trust
BNS Section 316 consolidates the definition and punishment of criminal breach of trust previously spread across IPC Sections 405-409, increases the maximum punishment from three to five years for simple breach, and introduces graded sentencing for aggravated categories.
Section 415-420 IPC vs Section 318-319 BNS — Cheating
BNS consolidates IPC Sections 415, 417, 418, and 420 into a single Section 318 with substantially enhanced punishments, and retains cheating by personation under Section 319 with increased penalties.
Section 463-471 IPC vs Section 336-341 BNS — Forgery
BNS consolidates nine IPC forgery sections into six reorganised provisions, expands the scope to cover government-issued identity documents like Aadhaar and voter ID, and criminalises mere possession of counterfeit instruments.
Section 498A IPC vs Section 85-86 BNS — Cruelty by Husband or Relatives
BNS splits IPC Section 498A into two provisions — Section 85 for the offence and punishment, and Section 86 for a standalone statutory definition of cruelty — while retaining identical substantive content and the three-year maximum punishment.
Section 500-502 IPC vs Section 356 BNS — Defamation
BNS consolidates IPC Sections 499-502 on defamation into a single Section 356, retains the ten exceptions and explanations, and adds community service as an alternative punishment for simple defamation.
Sections 299-300 IPC vs Sections 100-101 BNS — Culpable Homicide & Murder Definition
Definitions of culpable homicide and murder are substantively retained, but BNS 101 replaces the Firstly-Secondly-Thirdly-Fourthly structure with clauses (a)-(d) and makes minor language updates while preserving all five exceptions.
Sections 354A-354D IPC vs Sections 75-78 BNS — Sexual Harassment, Voyeurism, Stalking
BNS Sections 75-78 retain the post-Nirbhaya offences but make two key changes: Sections 76 (disrobing) and 77 (voyeurism) become gender-neutral by replacing 'Any man who' with 'Whoever', and Section 76 enhances the minimum sentence from three to three years with mandatory fine.
CrPC ↔ BNSS 18 mappings
Electronic Trials and Proceedings — BNSS Section 530 (New Provision)
BNSS Section 530 introduces a comprehensive framework for conducting all criminal trials, inquiries, and proceedings — including evidence recording, witness examination, and appellate hearings — through electronic and audio-video means.
Mandatory Forensic Investigation — BNSS Section 176(3) (New Provision)
BNSS Section 176(3) mandates forensic expert visits and videography at crime scenes for all offences punishable with 7 or more years imprisonment — a provision with no CrPC equivalent that fundamentally changes evidence collection in serious cases.
Section 154 CrPC vs Section 173 BNSS — First Information Report (FIR)
Section 173 BNSS expands FIR registration to include electronic communication, mandates preliminary inquiry for certain offences, requires woman officer recording in sensitive cases, and introduces mandatory videography and acknowledgment receipts.
Section 161 CrPC vs Section 180 BNSS — Examination of Witnesses by Police
Section 180 BNSS retains the core principles of Section 161 CrPC but introduces audio-video recording of statements where feasible and mandates recording by a woman officer in cases involving sexual offences.
Section 164 CrPC vs Section 183 BNSS — Recording of Confessions and Statements
Section 183 BNSS introduces mandatory audio-video recording of confessions, expands the class of magistrates empowered to record confessions, mandates recording by a female magistrate in sexual offence cases, and requires the advocate's presence during audio-video recording.
Section 167 CrPC vs Section 187 BNSS — Remand and Default Bail
Section 187 BNSS allows police custody of 15 days to be utilised in parts across the first 40 or 60 days (instead of only the first 15 consecutive days under CrPC), adds bail status consideration for remand orders, and retains the 60/90 day default bail framework.
Section 173 CrPC vs Section 193 BNSS — Police Report (Chargesheet)
Section 193 BNSS introduces electronic filing of chargesheets, mandatory 14-day timeline for furnishing chargesheet documents to the accused, a 90-day victim notification requirement, and a 90-day timeline for further investigation.
Section 197 CrPC vs Section 218 BNSS — Sanction for Prosecution of Public Servants
Section 218 BNSS introduces a mandatory 120-day timeline for the government to decide sanction requests, with deemed sanction if no decision is taken within that period — eliminating indefinite prosecution delays.
Section 200 CrPC vs Section 223 BNSS — Private Complaint Procedure
Section 223 BNSS introduces a mandatory pre-cognizance hearing for the accused in private complaint cases and adds special procedural safeguards for complaints against public servants.
Section 311A CrPC vs Section 349 BNSS — Specimen Signatures and Forensic Samples
Section 349 BNSS expands Section 311A CrPC from specimen signatures and handwriting to include finger impressions, voice samples, and other forensic samples — broadening the Magistrate's evidence-gathering powers significantly.
Section 41 CrPC vs Section 35 BNSS — Arrest Without Warrant
Section 35 BNSS merges CrPC Sections 41 and 41A into a single provision, adds protection for persons above 60 or infirm, and mandates a designated officer for arrest records in every police station.
Section 436 CrPC vs Section 478 BNSS — Bail in Bailable Offences
Section 478 BNSS retains the absolute right to bail in bailable offences while adding a statutory presumption of indigence if the accused cannot furnish bail within one week of arrest.
Section 437 CrPC vs Section 480 BNSS — Bail in Non-Bailable Offences
Section 480 BNSS retains the framework for bail in non-bailable offences with refined criteria, updated cross-references to BNS offences, and strengthened protections for women, children, sick, and infirm persons.
Section 438 CrPC vs Section 482 BNSS — Anticipatory Bail
Section 482 BNSS removes the restrictive guiding factors from CrPC Section 438 and the police arrest power provision, giving courts wider discretion in granting anticipatory bail while updating the sexual offence exclusions to BNS sections.
Section 439 CrPC vs Section 483 BNSS — Special Bail Powers of High Court and Sessions Court
Section 483 BNSS is substantively identical to Section 439 CrPC, retaining the special bail powers of the High Court and Sessions Court with an emphasis on reasoned orders and proportionality within the reformed procedural framework.
Section 482 CrPC vs Section 528 BNSS — Inherent Powers of High Court
Section 528 BNSS is textually identical to Section 482 CrPC, preserving the inherent powers of High Courts to prevent abuse of process and secure the ends of justice. The only change is 'Code' to 'Sanhita.'
Sections 468-473 CrPC vs Sections 512-517 BNSS — Limitation for Taking Cognizance
Sections 512-517 BNSS retain the limitation framework of CrPC Sections 468-473 but add an important statutory explanation clarifying that the limitation period runs from the date of filing the complaint or recording the FIR, not from the date the Magistrate takes cognizance.
Zero FIR — BNSS Section 173(1) (New Provision)
BNSS Section 173(1) codifies the Zero FIR concept — mandating that any police station must register an FIR regardless of where the offence was committed, converting a judicial practice direction from Lalita Kumari into statutory law.
IEA ↔ BSA 11 mappings
Section 101-104 Evidence Act vs Section 104-108 BSA — Burden of Proof
BSA Sections 104-108 reproduce the burden of proof rules with only a cross-referencing change — Section 108 now refers to the General Exceptions in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita instead of the Indian Penal Code. The foundational allocation rules are unchanged.
Section 113A-113B Evidence Act vs Section 118 BSA — Presumption as to Dowry Death and Abetment of Suicide
BSA Section 118 consolidates the two separate dowry-related presumptions from Sections 113A and 113B of the Evidence Act into a single provision, while preserving the distinction between 'may presume' (abetment of suicide) and 'shall presume' (dowry death).
Section 114 Evidence Act vs Section 119 BSA — Court May Presume Existence of Certain Facts
BSA Section 119 reproduces the general presumption power from Section 114 Evidence Act virtually verbatim. Courts retain full discretion to presume facts based on the common course of natural events, human conduct, and business — all existing illustrations and judicial interpretations carry forward.
Section 17-31 Evidence Act vs Section 15-23 BSA — Admissions and Confessions
BSA consolidates 15 Evidence Act sections into 9 sections, merges three confession-to-police provisions into a single Section 23, adds 'coercion' as a ground for excluding confessions, and modernises references to electronic admissions.
Section 24-26 Evidence Act vs Section 22-23 BSA — Confessions to Police and Magistrate
BSA adds 'coercion' as an explicit exclusionary ground, consolidates three separate confession-to-police sections into a single Section 23, and merges the removal-of-impression and secrecy/deception exceptions into provisos.
Section 27 Evidence Act vs Section 23 BSA — Discovery Statements
Section 27 Evidence Act — one of the most litigated provisions in Indian criminal law — is no longer a standalone section. It has been absorbed as a proviso to Section 23(2) BSA, potentially narrowing its scope to custodial confessions only.
Section 3 Evidence Act vs Section 2 BSA — Definitions and Interpretation Clause
BSA Section 2 restructures the interpretation clause into a modern definitions section, adds cross-referencing to IT Act, BNS, and BNSS, and introduces the concept of electronic and digital records into the definitional framework.
Section 32 Evidence Act vs Section 26 BSA — Dying Declaration
BSA Section 26 reproduces the dying declaration provisions with explicit clarification that such statements are relevant regardless of whether the maker was under expectation of death, resolving a longstanding interpretive question.
Section 45 Evidence Act vs Section 39 BSA — Expert Opinion
BSA Section 39 significantly expands expert evidence by adding a catch-all 'any other field' category for expert opinion and creating a dedicated sub-section for electronic evidence experts, formally recognising the Examiner of Electronic Evidence.
Section 65A-65B Evidence Act vs Section 57-58 BSA — Admissibility of Electronic Records
The BSA fundamentally reclassifies electronic records from secondary evidence (requiring 65B certificates) to primary evidence under Section 57, while Section 58 expands the definition of secondary evidence. The certificate requirement moves to Section 63 with enhanced hash value verification.
Section 65A-65B Evidence Act vs Section 57-63 BSA — New Comprehensive Electronic Evidence Framework
The BSA replaces the Evidence Act's two-section electronic evidence framework (65A-65B) with a comprehensive seven-section architecture (57-63) that reclassifies electronic records as primary evidence, introduces hash value verification, creates a two-part expert certificate, and defines electronic records expansively to cover emails, CCTV, voice mail, and social media.
15 thematic guides.
Bail Provisions — Old CrPC vs New BNSS Comparison
Comprehensive comparison of bail provisions under CrPC 1973 and BNSS 2023 — bailable, non-bailable, anticipatory bail, default bail, and first-time offender changes.
Mandatory Forensic Evidence Collection and Videography — BNSS New Provisions
Complete guide to mandatory forensic evidence collection and videography under BNSS Section 176(3) — applicability, 5-year implementation timeline, Section 349 forensic sampling, and practical challenges.
Mandatory Timelines for Investigation and Trial — BNSS New Provisions
Complete guide to all new mandatory timelines under BNSS 2023 — investigation deadlines, chargesheet filing, charge framing, trial completion, adjournment limits, and judgment delivery.
Mercy Petition and Commutation — Old CrPC vs New BNSS Comparison
Complete comparison of mercy petition and commutation provisions under CrPC and BNSS — new timelines, structured process, Section 472 BNSS, and finality of President's decision.
Plea Bargaining — Old CrPC vs New BNSS Comparison
Comprehensive comparison of plea bargaining under CrPC Sections 265A-265L and BNSS Sections 289-300 — scope, sentencing changes, first-time offender benefits, and new timelines.
Victim Rights and Compensation — Old CrPC vs New BNSS Comparison
Comprehensive comparison of victim rights and compensation under CrPC Sections 357-357C and BNSS Sections 395-398 — victim compensation scheme, witness protection, and new safeguards.
Zero FIR — Mandatory Provisions Under BNSS vs CrPC
Complete comparison of Zero FIR provisions under BNSS Section 173 and CrPC Section 154 — mandatory registration, e-FIR, Lalita Kumari codification, and preliminary inquiry changes.
Digital Evidence — Old Evidence Act vs New BSA Comparison
Complete comparison of electronic evidence provisions under Indian Evidence Act 1872 and Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 — Section 65B vs Section 63, admissibility changes.
Community Service as Punishment — New Provision in BNS
Complete guide to community service as a new form of punishment under Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 — eligible offences, Section 23 BNSS definition, and court procedures.
Mob Lynching — New BNS Section 103(2) Provision
Complete guide to the new mob lynching provision under BNS Section 103(2) — definition, punishment, comparison with IPC Section 302, and analysis of gaps in coverage.
Offences Against Women — Old IPC vs New BNS Comparison
Comparison of all offences against women under IPC and BNS — Section 498A cruelty, dowry death, assault, stalking, voyeurism, acid attack, and trafficking changes.
Organised Crime — New BNS Section 111 Provisions
Complete guide to organised crime under BNS Section 111 — definition, punishment, comparison with MCOCA, petty organised crime under Section 112, and practical implications.
Sedition Abolished — Section 124A IPC Removed, What Replaced It
Complete analysis of sedition law abolition — IPC Section 124A removed, BNS Section 152 (endangering sovereignty) comparison, Kedar Nath Singh impact, and whether the change is real reform.
Sexual Offences — Old IPC vs New BNS Comparison
Detailed comparison of sexual offence provisions under IPC 1860 and BNS 2023 — rape definition, punishment, gang rape, sexual harassment, voyeurism, and stalking.
Terrorist Act Definition — New BNS Section 113
Complete analysis of terrorist act definition under BNS Section 113 — comparison with UAPA Section 15, overlap issues, punishment, and implications for criminal law.
Argue from the section, not from memory.
Three days, full access, no credit card. 68 mapping entries across IPC↔BNS, CrPC↔BNSS, and IEA↔BSA — each grounded in the bare-act text, the change classification, and the post-2024 rulings.